BACKGROUND: Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) and difficulty in emotion regulation are mechanisms leading to dysfunctional behaviors and reduction of mental health; hence, this study aimed to compare EMSs, emotion regulation, and general health in Prisoners and non-Prisoners. METHODS: The research method was causal-comparative (post-event). Statistical society comprised all of Prisoners and non-Prisoners in Fuman City in Iran. Of them, 100 Prisoners were selected using random sampling and they were compared with 100 matched non-Prisoner men based on the inclusion criteria and. Non-Prisoners were matched with Prisoners in terms of age, job, and education level. Both groups filled out Young Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire (YEMSQ), Persian version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-P), and 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Data were analyzed using independent t-test and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). RESULTS: A significant difference was observed between two groups in total score of EMSs, emotion regulation, and general health (P < 0. 001). CONCLUSION: There is a significant difference between two groups in general health, maladaptive schema, and emotion regulation which indicates that EMSs, inability to regulate emotions, and low general health could play a critical role in criminal behaviors.

Background: Bronchopulmonary lophomoniasis, an emerging yet frequently overlooked respiratory infection, is caused by the flagellated protozoan Lophomonas blattarum (L. blattarum). Although predominantly observed in immunocompromised individuals, its occurrence in immunocompetent hosts, particularly within high-risk settings like correctional facilities, is uncommon. Case Presentation: This report details the case of a 47-year-old male Prisoner from Golestan Province, Iran, who presented with a four-month history of chronic cough, dyspnea, and purulent sputum. The initial diagnostic workup, including blood and sputum cultures, yielded no evidence of bacterial or fungal infection. However, microscopic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid revealed L. blattarum trophozoites, leading to a definitive diagnosis of lophomoniasis. Of particular interest was the elevated serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) level (387 kU/L; normal range <160 kU/L), which may indicate an underlying allergic predisposition or a concurrent parasitic infection. The patient's symptoms resolved completely after a four-week regimen of metronidazole. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of considering lophomoniasis in the differential diagnosis of chronic respiratory symptoms, especially in settings with poor hygiene. For accurate diagnosis in similar patient populations, a heightened clinical suspicion combined with BAL microscopy are essential.

Grammatical Metaphor (GM) is one of the fresh language phenomena introduced by Halliday (1985) in the framework of functional grammar. Thompson (2004) states that the salient source of GM would be ‘Nominalization’ where a noun form attempts to represent a verb form or in other words, a verb form with its different process is represented in a noun form. He continues that any wording is ought to be either metaphorical or congruent wording. In this study the story of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was explored in search of GMs deployed throughout the first two chapters. This study tended to identify the instances of nominalization types of GM in the first two chapters of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and offer the congruent wording. As the next step, the congruent wordings were compared with metaphorical wording in order to find out the lexical density of each wording. The lexical density was obtained by Concordance software. The result of study illustrated , in a very crystal-clear way, the advantage of GM in adult writing which is stated to be one of the noticeable points regarding GM by Halliday (1985).The result obtained statistically revealed that  the deployment of GM increases the lexical density, which again was claimed by Halliday (2004) as one of the other salient points about GM. Based on the findings of this study, some implications can be drawn for academic writing and reading as well as for teachers involved in writing and reading pedagogy.

Background: Research in the field of personality has tried to recognize themaintraits that reflect the building blocks of personality. For instance, personality dimensions, especially the five-factor model, deals with the field of personality disorder, especially the psychopathic personality disorder. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the personality traits of psychopathic Prisoners, nonpsychopathic Prisoners, and non-Prisoner patients separated by gender in Tehran. Methods: This descriptive-comparative study was conducted on 355 participants including 202 male Prisoners, 105 female Prisoners, and 48 non-Prisoner patients. All the participants filled out the Hare Psychopathy Checklist and the Revised Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Five-Factor Inventory. The data were analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient, regression analysis, one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA), and Scheffe’ s post hoc test. Results: Theresultsshowedthat therewasa significant positive correlationbetweenpsychopathyandextraversionanda significant negative relationship between psychopathy and openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness in male Prisoners. The relationships were significant at the level of 0. 1. Conclusions: By comparing male psychopathic and non-psychopathic Prisoners, female psychopathic and non-psychopathic Prisoners, and non-Prisoner non-psychopathic patients, it was found that psychopathic Prisoners had lower levels of agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness than the other groups.

Backgrounds: The aim of this study was to investigate risk and protective factors of suicide attempt in male Prisoner with substance abuse or dependence.Methods: In a correlational design from Tehran prison population 230 participants were enrolled in study. We assessed participants with Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, Brief symptom inventory, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and Reasons for Living.Findings: Findings showed that the life time prevalence of suicide attempt was 42%, the main way for suicide attempt was self-poisoning, the life-time prevalence of overdose was 27% and in 15% of participants the main motive in overdose was dying. Group comparisons showed participants with history of suicide attempt have significant differences with non-attempters in terms of coping and survival beliefs, moral objections, social disapproval and trait mindfulness. Logistic regression showed that poly drug substance abuse history, beliefs about coping & survival and family responsibility predict history of suicide attempt.Conclusion: Suicide attempt was a relatively common problem in male Prisoner with substance abuse and dependence. Abusing more than one kind of substance and beliefs related to reasons for living were the main risk and protective factor in suicide attempt in male Prisoners with substance abuse and dependence.